Taliban

The Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist movement that previously ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001, returned to power in August 2021 following the withdrawal of U.S. and allied forces. The group has consolidated control over the country's government and institutions in the five years since then.

The Taliban's rule has been marked by significant restrictions on rights and freedoms. Women and girls have faced particular constraints, including severe limitations on education and employment, alongside reports of violence and killings. The group has also detained activists and staff from human rights organizations. Beyond rights concerns, Afghanistan's economy and basic services have deteriorated, and the country faces a broader humanitarian crisis.

The international response to Taliban rule remains contested. Some countries have gradually expanded diplomatic and economic ties with the government, while others maintain restrictions. Afghan refugees have fled to countries including France and Iran, and questions persist about whether the international community retains any meaningful influence over Taliban governance or can pressure the group to reverse its policies.